VR (Rotation Speed)

VR (Rotation Speed) is the speed during the takeoff roll at which the pilot begins to rotate the aircraft — pulling back on the control column (or sidestick) to raise the nose and establish a pitch attitude that will result in liftoff. VR is always at or above V1 and below V2.

• Must allow the aircraft to reach V2 by 35 feet AGL
• Rotation rate is typically 2–3 degrees per second
• Tail strike protection limits the maximum rotation rate
• Calculated for each takeoff based on weight, flap setting, and conditions